i am doing a project on typhoid fever in africa. The things I need to know are:
what is it?
What part of africa is it in?
how do you get it?
What does it do?
What are the symptoms?
How do you treat it?
What happens if it is left untreated?
How do you prevent it?
10 points if you can give me answers that are correct!! Please give credible sources!! ^_^ thanks!! please dont say to use wikipedia...im not allowed to use that as a source... :( what is it?
It is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is an infectious, often-fatal disease, usually occurring in the summer months -- characterized by intestinal inflammation and ulceration. ...
What part of africa is it in?
It can be found anywhere (even in america) and it can be found in africa (any part of africa would be just as likely to get it as any other). The disease is on the verge of extinction there is only 5 cases in every 1 million people and that is dwindling yearly.
how do you get it?
You can get it no matter where you live in the world. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route 鈥?the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.[2] The bacteria then multiply in the blood stream of the infected person and are absorbed into the digestive tract and eliminated with the waste. The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is motile due to its peritrichous flagella. Optimal temperature is 37 degrees Celsius[clarify].
What does it do?
It damages certain functions of your body and eventually kills you.
What are the symptoms?
The disease takes place over a period of time, usually measuring symptoms by week.
Week 1 - sustained fever as high as 40掳C (104掳F), profuse sweating, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea. Less commonly a rash of flat, rose-colored spots may appear.
Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into four individual stages, each lasting approximately one week. In the first week, there is a slowly rising temperature with relative bradycardia, malaise, headache and cough. Epistaxis is seen in a quarter of cases and abdominal pain is also possible. There is leukopenia with eosinopenia and relative lymphocytosis, a positive diazo reaction and blood cultures are positive for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi. The classic Widal test is negative in the first week.
In the second week of the infection, the patient lies prostrated with high fever in plateau around 104掳F (40掳C) and bradycardia (Sphygmo-thermic dissociation), classically with a dicrotic pulse wave. Delirium is frequent, frequently calm, but sometimes agitated. This delirium gives to typhoid the nickname of "nervous fever". Rose spots appear on the lower chest and abdomen in around 1/3 patients. There are rhonchi in lung bases. The abdomen is distended and painful in the right lower quadrant where borborygmi can be heard. Diarrhea can occur in this stage: six to eight stools in a day, green with a characteristic smell, comparable to pea-soup. However, constipation is also frequent. The spleen and liver are enlarged (hepatosplenomegaly) and tender and there is elevation of liver transaminases. The Widal reaction is strongly positive with antiO and antiH antibodies. Blood cultures are sometimes still positive at this stage.
In the third week of typhoid fever a number of complications can occur:
Intestinal hemorrhage due to bleeding in congested Peyer's patches; this can be very serious but is usually non-fatal.
Intestinal perforation in distal ileum: this is a very serious complication and is frequently fatal. It may occur without alarming symptoms until septicaemia or diffuse peritonitis sets in.
Encephalitis
Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis and osteitis
The fever is still very high and oscillates very little over 24 hours. Dehydration ensues and the patient is delirious (typhoid state). By the end of third week defervescence commences that prolongs itself in the fourth week.
How do you treat it?
Typhoid fever in most cases is not fatal. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, have been commonly used to treat typhoid fever in developed countries. Prompt treatment of the disease with antibiotics reduces the case-fatality rate to approximately 1%.
What happens if it is left untreated?
When untreated, typhoid fever persists for three weeks to a month. Death occurs in between 10% and 30% of untreated cases.
How do you prevent it?
Sanitation and hygiene are the critical measures that can be taken to prevent typhoid. Typhoid does not affect animals and therefore transmission is only from human to human. Typhoid can only spread in environments where human faeces or urine are able to come into contact with food or drinking water. Careful food preparation and washing of hands are therefore crucial to preventing typhoid.
There are two vaccines currently recommended by the World Health Organisation for the prevention of typhoid: these are the live, oral Ty21a vaccine (sold as Vivotif庐) and the injectable Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (sold as Typhim Vi庐). Both are between 50 to 80% protective and are recommended for travellers to areas where typhoid is endemic. There exists an older killed whole-cell vaccine that is still used in countries where the newer preparations are not available, but this vaccine is no longer recommended for use, because it has a higher rate of side effects (mainly pain and inflammation at the site of the injection).
Note - Some of this data was compiled by me from wikipedia and other google related sources. Some of it was from my own knowledge. Try webmd.com go to the Wikipedia site. It answers all your questions. I got this one this website answers all your questions except the africa one. It is all over not just in africa.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/... dont be lazy look it up in a library 1)Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream.
2)Southern Africa
3) travelers visiting countries where the disease is common. Occasionally, local cases can be traced to exposure to a person who is a chronic carrier.
4)Typhoid fever is a life threatening illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
5)Fever
Headache
Tiredness
Loss of appetite
Red spots on chest or back
Constipation (in adults)
6)Typhoid fever should be treated with antibiotics
7)For someone who does not receive typhoid fever treatment, the high fever can continue for four to eight weeks. Other typhoid fever symptoms that may appear in someone who is not treated include:Severe loss of appetite
Intestinal bleeding
Weight loss
Hepatitis
Meningitis
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Orchitis
Parotitis
Death.
8)Excluding infected persons from food handling and from direct care of patients, young children, and the elderly until lab tests of feces done by the local health department show negative results.
Thorough washing of hands with soap and water after using the toilet, before handling food, and before eating. And Typhoid fever can be prevented with typhoid vaccine.
http://diseases.emedtv.com/typhoid-fever... |
