Hey guys! I really need help on this hw of mines. Please please please help me if you can. Thanks so much. I'll be so grateful..Here are the questions and answers!
1. Pulmonary emphysema results when arterial walls become blocked with fatty plaque.
A) True B) False
2. A myocardial infarction (heart attack) oftentimes results from
hardened arteries.
A) True B) False
3. Situs invertus is a rare occurrence in which a person鈥檚
internal organs are arranged in a mirror image of those in a
normal person;
which of the following is NOT true of Situs invertus?
A) It is normally lethal
B) It is characterized by erectile dysfunction
C) It occurs in 1 out of every25, 000 people
D) Both A and B are not true
4. Myomas are masses of muscle tissue growth in the walls of
the uterus; they are commonly associated with ovarian and
uterin cancer and oftentimes require a full hysterectomy
(removal of the female reproductive organs).
A) True B) False 5. Anencephaly is a severe malformation of
the cerebrum (major part of the brain) and
the cranium (crown of the skull) and,
surprisingly, usually only results in mild
learning impairment.
A) True B) False
6. A human fetus would survive in the event of
a premature birth after the ______ month of
pregnancy.
A) 1st (size of a pinky-toe)
B) 5th
C) 7th
D) 11th (Ouch!)
Thanks so much for all your help! =) 1. Pulmonary emphysema results when arterial walls become blocked with fatty plaque.
Answer:False
Reason: Emphysema is a chronic lung condition in which alveoli, or air sacs, may be:
destroyed
narrowed
collapsed
stretched
over-inflated
Over-inflation of the air-sacs is a result of a breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, and causes a decrease in respiratory function and breathlessness. Damage to the air sacs is
irreversible and results in permanent "holes" in the tissues of the lower lungs.
Emphysema does not develop suddenly, but occurs very gradually. The lung has a system of elastic fibers that allow the lungs to expand and contract. Pulmonary emphysema occurs
when a breakdown in the chemical balance that protects the lungs against the destruction of the elastic fibers occurs.
There are a number of reasons for the breakdown in chemical balance:
smoking
exposure to air pollution
irritating fumes and dusts on the job
a rare inherited form of the disease called alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency-related pulmonary emphysema, or early onset pulmonary emphysema
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2. A myocardial infarction (heart attack) oftentimes results from hardened arteries.
Answer: False
Reason: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI or MI), more commonly known as a heart attack, is a medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart is
interrupted, most commonly due to rupture of a vulnerable plaque. The resulting ischemia or oxygen shortage causes damage and potential death of heart tissue. It is a medical
emergency, and the leading cause of death for both men and women all over the world.[1] Important risk factors are a previous history of vascular disease such as atherosclerotic
coronary heart disease and/or angina, a previous heart attack or stroke, any previous episodes of abnormal heart rhythms or syncope, older age鈥攅specially men over 40 and women
over 50, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, the abuse of certain drugs, high triglyceride levels, high LDL ("Low-density lipoprotein") and low HDL ("High density
lipoprotein"), diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and chronically high levels of stress in certain persons.
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3. Situs invertus is a rare occurrence in which a person鈥檚 internal organs are arranged in a mirror image of those in a normal person;
Answer: D) Both A and B are not true
Reason: Situs inversus (also called situs transversus) is a fabricated congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal
positions. The normal arrangement is known as situs solitus. In other rare cases, in a condition known as situs ambiguus or heterotaxy, situs cannot be determined.
The term situs inversus is a short form of the Latin phrase "situs inversus viscerum," meaning "inverted position of the internal organs." Dextrocardia (the heart being located on
the right side of the thorax) was first recognised by Marco Severino in 1643. However, situs inversus was first described more than a century later by Matthew Baillie.
The prevalence of situs inversus varies among different populations but is less than 1 in 10,000 people.
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4. Myomas are masses of muscle tissue growth in the walls of the uterus; they are commonly associated with ovarian and uterin cancer and oftentimes require a full hysterectomy
(removal of the female reproductive organs).
Answer) False
Reason: About Your Diagnosis
Uterine myomas also called 鈥渇ibroids鈥?are tumors that grow from the wall of the uterus. The wall of the uterus is made of muscle tissue, so a fibroid is a tumor made of muscle
tissue. The fibroids start off very small, actually from one cell, and generally grow slowly over years before they cause any problems. Most fibroids are benign; malignant
fibroids are rare. The cause of fibroids is unknown, although it is known that fibroids have a tendency to run in families. Fibroids are very common, with an estimated 50% of
women having them. Fibroids can be diagnosed by pelvic examination or by ultrasound. Fibroids do not have to be removed unless they are causing symptoms such as heavy periods,
irregular bleeding, or severe cramps with periods. Also, sometimes the size alone causes enough discomfort so that removal is necessary. Once women go through menopause, fibroids
do not usually cause any further problems.
Living With Your Diagnosis
The most common symptoms are:
鈥?Cramping with periods.
鈥?Heavy flow or clots with periods.
鈥?Discomfort, such as pressure, as well as being unable to lie on your stomach and being unable to button your clothing easily, caused by the mass of the fibroids. Other, less
common symptoms include irregular bleeding and urinary frequency caused by the pressure on the bladder from the fibroids. If your periods are very heavy, you may become anemic and
an iron supplement may be recommended.
Treatment
If fibroids become symptomatic enough, they can be removed surgically. The most common surgical approach is to perform an 鈥渁bdominal myomectomy. An incision is made in the lower
abdomen into the abdominal cavity, and the fibroids are removed from the uterus and the uterus stitched closed. If the uterus is no longer necessary (the woman is finished having
her family) and the woman desires her uterus removed, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) can be performed. (A 鈥渉ysterectomy鈥?is removal of the uterus and cervix, not removal
of the ovaries. Therefore, a woman who has a hysterectomy does not necessarily go through menopause.) If a 鈥渟ubmucous鈥?fibroid is diagnosed, then the removal of the fibroid can be
performed through the cervix. This is called a 鈥渉ysteroscopic myomectomy.鈥?Because the instrument goes through the cervix, there is no cutting. It is usually a same-day procedure,
which means you come in on the day of the procedure and go home the same day, with a minimal recovery period. If you are very anemic or the fibroids are very large, you may be
treated before surgery with a medication called Depot Lupron. This medication puts you into a temporary menopause, thus decreasing your estrogen levels and causing the fibroids to
shrink. Unfortunately, this medication does not shrink the fibroids permanently, so it can not be used as a permanent solution.
The DOs
鈥?Keep your follow-up appointments so that your doctor can check your fibroids regularly.
鈥?Take your iron supplement if one has been recommended. This will prevent anemia. It is also helpful to eat a diet rich in iron in addition to the iron supplement.
鈥?If your period cramps are uncomfortable, overthe-counter ibuprofen can be very effective in relieving the cramps. Over-the-counter ibuprofen comes in 200-milligram tablets. You
can start with 2 tablets every 4 hours. However, if this does not relieve the cramps enough, you can take 3 tablets (600 milligrams) every 6 hours or 4 tablets (800 milligrams)
every 8 hours. You should always take ibuprofen with some food on your stomach to avoid stomach irritation. (Obviously, you should not take ibuprofen if you have an
allergy to it, have been told you should not take it or any aspirin-like products, or have a history of ulcer or gastritis.)
The DON鈥橳s
鈥?If you take birth control pills, you and your doctor may want to consider another birth control method because the estrogen in the birth control pills sometimes stimulate the
fibroids to grow more quickly.
When to Call Your Doctor
鈥?If periods become heavier, either heavier flow or more or larger clots.
鈥?If you have irregular periods/bleeding.
鈥?If the ibuprofen does not relieve enough of the cramps.
鈥?If you feel that the fibroids are suddenly larger, or the mass causes discomfort.
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5. Anencephaly is a severe malformation of the cerebrum (major part of the brain) and the cranium (crown of the skull) and, surprisingly, usually only results in mild learning
impairment.
Answer) False
Reason: Anencephaly is a cephalic disorder that results from a neural tube defect that occurs when the cephalic (head) end of the neural tube fails to close, usually between the
23rd and 26th day of pregnancy, resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp. Infants with this disorder are born without a forebrain, the largest
part of the brain consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres (which include the isocortex, which is responsible for higher level cognition, i.e., thinking). The remaining brain
tissue is often exposed - not covered by bone or skin.
Infants born with anencephaly are usually blind, deaf, unconscious, and unable to feel pain. Although some individuals with anencephaly may be born with a rudimentary brainstem,
which controls autonomic and regulatory function, the lack of a functioning cerebrum is usually thought of as ruling out the possibility of ever gaining consciousness, even though
it has been disputed specifically.Reflex actions such as breathing and responses to sound or touch may occur.
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6. A human fetus would survive in the event of a premature birth after the ______ month of pregnancy.
A) 1st (size of a pinky-toe)
B) 5th
C) 7th
D) 11th (Ouch!)
Answer) C) 7th
Reason: Premature or preterm birth is defined medically as childbirth occurring earlier than 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. Most pregnancies last about 40 weeks. Approximately 12 percent of babies in the United States 鈥?or 1 in 8 鈥?are born prematurely each year.[1] In 2003, more than 490,000 babies in the U.S. were born prematurely. Worldwide rates of prematurity are more difficult to obtain as the lack of widespread professional obstetric care in developing regions makes determination of gestational age less reliable. The World Health Organization instead tracks rates of low birth weight, which occurred in 16.5 percent of births in less developed regions in 2000.[2] It is estimated that one-third of these low birth weight deliveries are due to premature delivery.
The shorter the term of pregnancy, the greater the risks of complications. Infants born prematurely have an increased risk of death in the first year of life (infant mortality), with most of that occurring in the first month of life (neonatal mortality). Worldwide, prematurity accounts for 10% of neonatal mortality, or around 500,000 deaths per year.[3] In the U.S. where many infections and other causes of neonatal death have been markedly reduced, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality at 25%.[4] Prematurely born infants are also at greater risk for developing serious health problems such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation, vision or hearing loss[5] and are more susceptible to developing depression as teenagers.[6]
Although there are several known risk factors for prematurity (see below), nearly half of all premature births have no known cause. When conditions permit, doctors may attempt to stop premature labor, so that the pregnancy can have a chance to continue to full term, thereby increasing the baby's chances of health and survival. However, there is currently no reliable means to stop or prevent preterm labor in all cases. In fact, the rate of preterm births in the United States has increased 30% in the past two decades.[7]
In developed countries premature infants are usually cared for in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The physicians who specialize in the care of very sick or premature babies are known as neonatologists. In the NICU, premature babies are kept under radiant warmers or in incubators (also called isolettes), which are bassinets enclosed in plastic with climate control equipment designed to keep them warm and limit their exposure to germs. Modern neonatal intensive care involves sophisticated measurement of temperature, respiration, cardiac function, oxygenation, and brain activity. Treatments may include fluids and nutrition through intravenous catheters, oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation support, and medications. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin to skin warming), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm morbidity and mortality. 1.false 2. false 3.D 4. B 5.false 6.7th month (22 weeks with prompt medical care) 1) False
2) True
3) D
4) False
5)Flase
6) C The 3rd person who answered your question is right on all counts. |
