please tell me i need to know The human body functions only within a narrow temperature range. Warmth must be maintained to support the chemical and metabolic functions sustaining life. When the body cools below acceptable levels (hypothermia), there is a significant loss of strength, coordination, and alertness. Patients suffering from hypothermia may become unable to move effectively or to assist in their own rescue.
The human body has three layers; an outer superficial layer, an intermediate layer; and the inner core. The superficial layer consists of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; the intermediate layer is made up of the extremities, skeletal and muscular tissues, and some lesser organs; the inner core contains the most critical organs; the heart, lungs, and brain. When hypothermia sets in, the body prioritizes heat distribution. It works to keep the vital core warm, hoarding the additional calories required to heat parts of the body that are not necessary for survival,
As the body begins to chill, the first signs of hypothermia come in the form of muscle tension and goose bumps. This non-shivering heat generation can double the metabolic rate. As the core temperature continues to drop, shivering begins. These uncontrolled contractions can increase the metabolism to five times the normal rate. Now the body is burning roughly 400 calories per hour. That's approximately the number of calories in two Snickers candy bars. Under the right conditions, the body can still rewarm itself.
At some point, the body starts to realize it is beginning to lose its battle to heat all its layers and decides it can survive without the superficial one. By shunting the blood flow away from the skin and outer tissues, it reduces the flow by about 1 to 2 percent. Strenuous activity could increase heat output, but the body has limited stores of fuel. Heating the entire body might burn what reserves are left and leave the victim to cool even more quickly. Progression to this step is exacerbated by dehydration. Without sufficient blood volume, it is difficult to maintain sufficient blood flow to warm the periphery and this space is more readily clamped off.
When core body temperature fails below 95F (35C), shivering diminishes. The patient may become confused; reasoning becomes clouded. With continued heat loss, the body decides to sacrifice parts of itself so that the brain can survive. By reducing the area being heated, life is prolonged. First, the body decides it doesn't need the extremities, and carbon dioxide and lactic acid build up in these areas. Then it begins to shut down blood flow to unnecessary organs. And finally, it will limit flow to the three organs that sustain life itself.
As the body continues to cool, the victim begins to lose touch with reality. In some cases. they experience atypical mood swings and may become argumentative or combative when assistance is offered. Once the core body temperature drops lo 90F, shivering is replaced by muscle rigidity, and mental facilities are severely impaired. The victim is semiconscious, progressing toward unconsciousness. As the core temperature continues to drop, the metabolic rate diminishes, oxygen consumption drops, and respiration slows. Cardiac output also slows and weakens, resulting in further reduction in blood flow.
As lung and cardiac function diminish, cardiac arrhythmias may develop. Death may occur from spontaneous ventricular fibrillation, a chaotic arrhythmia leading to incoordinate motion of the heart, circulatory failure, and death.
The symptoms of hypothermia may be remembered by the simple mnemonic: He's got the umbles. Someone with hypothermia mumbles, grumbles, fumbles, stumbles, and tumbles. People feel crummy, groggy and uncoordinated. They lack judgment, making it difficult to recognize onset in oneself. The cold clouds the mind and the body, leading people with mild hypothermia to do incredibly stupid things contributing to their demise.
Shock is a serious, often life-threatening medical condition where insufficient blood flow reaches the body tissues. As blood is the body's carrier of oxygen and nutrients, insufficient flow leads to a deficiency in these components, which are necessary for proper tissue functioning. The process affected, where blood enters the tissues, is called perfusion and this process not occurring properly causes a hypoperfusional (hypo = below) state.
Medical shock must not be confused with the emotional state, and the two are not related. Medical shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and one of the leading causes of death for critically ill people. This primary cause may lead to many other medical emergencies, such as hypoxia (a lack of oxygen in the body tissues) or cardiac arrest (the heart stopping).
Shock can have a number of effects, all with similar outcomes, but all relate to a problem with the body's circulatory system There are four stages of shock.[8]
Initial
During this stage, the hypoperfusional state causes hypoxia, leading to the mitochondria being unable to produce adenosine triphosphate. Due to this lack of oxygen, the cell membranes become damaged, they become leaky to extra-cellular fluid, and the cells perform anaerobic respiration. This causes a build-up of lactic and pyruvic acid which results in systemic metabolic acidosis. The process of removing these compounds from the cells by the liver requires oxygen, which is absent.
Compensatory (Compensating)
This stage is characterised by the body employing physiological mechanisms, including neural, hormonal and bio-chemical mechanisms in an attempt to reverse the condition. As a result of the acidosis, the person will begin to hyperventilate in order to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 indirectly acts to acidify the blood and by removing it the body is attempting to raise the pH of the blood. The baroreceptors in the arteries detect the resulting hypotension, and cause the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Noradrenaline causes predominately vasoconstriction with a mild increase in heart rate, whereas adrenaline predominately causes an increase in heart rate with a small effect on the vascular tone; the combined effect results in an increase in blood pressure. Renin-angiotensin axis is activated and arginine vasopressin is released to conserve fluid via the kidneys. Also, these hormones cause the vasoconstriction of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs to divert blood to the heart, lungs and brain. The lack of blood to the renal system causes the characteristic low urine production. However the effects of the Renin-angiotensin axis take time and are of little importance to the immediate homeostatic mediation of shock.
Progressive (Decompensating)
Should the cause of the crisis not be successfully treated, the shock will proceed to the progressive stage and the compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out. As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar and precapillary sphincters constrict such that blood remains in the capillaries. Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues. As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion.
Refractory
At this stage, the vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed. Brain damage and cell death have occurred. Death will occur imminently.
Shock is a complex and continuous condition and there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next. Hypothermia is when the internal body temperature drops below 98.6. There are three stages of severity. Shock is when the body tissue recieve insufficient bloodflow. Hypothermia is a drop in body temperature below 35 degrees centigrade. The importance of this is that with prolonged hypothermia, the body begins to shut down and the heart can stop within a few minutes depending on the temperature.
The person can be revived however, they will be reheated to normal temperature of 37.5 degrees and then CPR is attempted. The saying goes, "you're not dead until you're warm and dead".
Shock on the other hand can be caused by many factors.
Hypovolemic shock- where the body has lost a lot of blood or fluid. From trauma or burns. The loss of fluid makes the heart and kidneys compensate for the drop in blood pressure. The heart beats faster, the peripheral blood vessels shut down etc. Prolonged shock is lethal.
Anaphylactic shock. Where a person is exposed to something they are allergic to, such as penicillin or bee stings. The huge inflammatory response, shuts down peripheral circulation and increases the demands on the heart to maintain blood pressure. Similar to above.
Septic shock. If you get a severe systemic infection, the infammatory/immune response (similar to above) shuts down peripheral circulation which increases the demand on the heart.
Shock is defined by a drop in blood pressure due to peripheral shutdown. If left untreated it is lethal Hypothermia is when the body loses more heat then it can make...generally Below 95 degrees
"Shock is a life鈥搕hreatening medical condition whereby the body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout the body." hypothermia is when you are relly cold i dont know what shock is |
