I have cardiomyopathy. When i was at the dr last week, i overheard him talking about me as i was leaving. He told the other dr "her heart isn't moving". What does that mean? Cardiomyopathy
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Cardiomyopathy
Classification & external resources
Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium. Autopsy.
ICD-10 I42.0
ICD-9 425.4
DiseasesDB 2137
MeSH D009202
Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease", is the deterioration of the function of the myocardium (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death or both.[1]
Cardiomyopathies can generally be categorized into two groups, based on World Health Organization guidelines: extrinsic cardiomyopathies and intrinsic cardiomyopathies.[2]
Contents [hide]
1 Extrinsic cardiomyopathies
1.1 Ischemic cardiomyopathy
1.2 Cardiomyopathy due to systemic diseases
2 Intrinsic cardiomyopathies
3 Treatment
4 Genetic causes of cardiomyopathy
5 References
6 External links
[edit] Extrinsic cardiomyopathies
These are cardiomyopathies where the primary pathology is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is ischemia. The World Health Organization calls these specific cardiomyopathies:[2]
Coronary Artery Disease
Congenital Heart Disease
Nutritional Diseases
Ischemic (or ischaemic) cardiomyopathy
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy
Valvular cardiomyopathy
Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy secondary to a systemic metabolic disease
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
[edit] Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a weakness in the muscle of the heart due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the myocardium with coronary artery disease being the most common cause. Anemia and sleep apnea are relatively common conditions that can contribute to ischemic myocardium and hyperthyroidism can cause a 'relative' ischemia secondary to high output heart failure. Individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy typically have a history of myocardial infarction (heart attack), although longstanding ischemia can cause enough damage to the myocardium to precipitate a clinically significant cardiomyopathy even in the absence of myocardial infarction. In a typical presentation, the area of the heart affected by a myocardial infarction will initially become necrotic as it dies, and will then be replaced by scar tissue (fibrosis). This fibrotic tissue is akinetic; it is no longer muscle and cannot contribute to the heart's function as a pump. If the akinetic region of the heart is substantial enough, the affected side of the heart (i.e. the left or right side) will go into failure, and this failure is the functional result of an ischemic cardiomyopathy.
[edit] Cardiomyopathy due to systemic diseases
Many diseases can result in cardiomyopathy. These include diseases like hemochromatosis, (an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and other organs), amyloidosis (an abnormal accumulation of the amyloid protein), diabetes, hyperthyroidism, lysosomal storage diseases and the muscular dystrophies.
[edit] Intrinsic cardiomyopathies
An intrinsic cardiomyopathy is weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause. To make a diagnosis of an intrinsic cardiomyopathy, significant coronary artery disease should be ruled out (amongst other things). The term intrinsic cardiomyopathy does not describe the specific etiology of weakened heart muscle. The intrinsic cardiomyopathies are a mixed-bag of disease states, each with their own causes.
Intrinsic cardiomyopathy has a number of causes including drug and alcohol toxicity, certain infections (including Hepatitis C), and various genetic and idiopathic (i.e., unknown) causes.
Intrinsic cardiomyopathies are generally classified into four types,[2][3] but additional types are also recognized:
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the most common form, and one of the leading indications for heart transplantation. In DCM the heart (especially the left ventricle) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished. Approximately 40% of cases are familial, but the genetics are poorly understood compared with HCM. In some cases it manifests as peripartum cardiomyopathy, and in other cases it may be associated with alcoholism.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM), a genetic disorder caused by various mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The right ventricle is generally most affected.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is an uncommon cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood. A rare form of restrictive cardiomyopathy is the obliterative cardiomyopathy, seen in the hypereosinophilic syndrome. In this type of cardiomyopathy, the myocardium in the apices of the left and right ventricles becomes thickened and fibrotic, causing a decrease in the volumes of the ventricles and a type of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Noncompaction cardiomyopathy has been recognized as a separate type since the 1980s. The term refers to a cardiomyopathy where the left ventricle wall has failed to grow properly from birth and has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.
[edit] Treatment
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy, but may include medication, implanted pacemakers, defribillators, or ventricular assist devices (LVADs), or ablation. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a heart transplant. Treatment of cardiomyopathy (and other heart diseases) using alternative methods such as stem cell therapy is commercially available but is not supported by convincing evidence.
[edit] Genetic causes of cardiomyopathy
Phenotype Inheritance pattern Chromosomal locus Gene Protein Skeletal myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy X-linked Xp21 dystrophin Dystrophin Duchenne / Becker muscular dystrophy
X-linked Xq28 G4.5 Tafazzin Barth syndrome
Autosomal dominant 15q14 actin Actin Nemaline myopathy
2q35 desmin Desmin Desmin myopathy
5q33 未-sarcoglycan 未-sarcoglycan Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2F
1q32 Troponin T Troponin T
14q11 尾-myosin heavy chain 尾-myosin heavy chain
15q2 伪-tropomyosin 伪-tropomyosin Nemaline myopathy
Midna Mitochondrial respiratory chain Mitochondrial respiratory chain Mitochondrial myopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction disease Autosomal dominant 1q21 lamin A/C Lamin A/C Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Autosomal dominant 14q11 尾-myosin heavy chain 尾-myosin heavy chain
14q11 尾-myosin heavy chain 尾-myosin heavey chain
1q32 Troponin T Troponin T
12q23 Troponin T Troponin T
15q2 伪-tropomyosin 伪-tropomyosin Nemaline myopathy
11q11 myosin-binding protein C myosin-binding protein C
3p21 myosin essential light chain myosin essential light chain
3p21 myosin regulatory light chain myosin regulatory light chain
2p31 titin Titin
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome 7q3 AMPK AMPK
MIDINA Mitochondrial respiratory chain Mitochondrial respiratory chain Mitochondrial myopathy
Left ventricular noncompaction X-linked Xq28 G4.5 Tafazzin Barth syndrome
Autosomal dominant 18q12 伪-dystrobrevin 伪-Dystrobrevin Muscular dystrophy
Table from article *The Failing Heart. Nature. Retrieved on June 15, 2007.
[edit] References
^ Kasper, Denis L. et al (2005). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
^ a b c Richardson, P. et al (1996). "Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies". Circulation 93 (5): 841-2. PMID 8598070. (Full text)
^ Cardiomyopathy Association. About cardiomyopathy. Retrieved on 2006-09-28.
[edit] External links
The Cardiomyopathy Association
Cardiomyopathy information from Seattle Children's Hospital Heart Center
Information from the Stanford Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
Cardiomyopathy-related antibodies
Treatment Cardiomyopathy (Alternative Medicine)
[hide]v 鈥?d 鈥?eCirculatory system pathology (I, 390-459)
Hypertension Hypertensive heart disease - Hypertensive nephropathy - Secondary hypertension (Renovascular hypertension)
Ischaemic heart disease Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina) - Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - Dressler's syndrome
Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary embolism - Cor pulmonale
Pericardium Pericarditis - Pericardial effusion - Cardiac tamponade
Endocardium/heart valves Endocarditis - mitral valves (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) - aortic valves (stenosis, insufficiency) - pulmonary valves (stenosis, insufficiency) - tricuspid valves (stenosis, insufficiency)
Myocardium Myocarditis - Cardiomyopathy (Dilated cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Loeffler endocarditis, Restrictive cardiomyopathy) - Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Electrical conduction system
of the heart Heart block: AV block (First degree, Second degree, Third degree) - Bundle branch block (Left, Right) - Bifascicular block - Trifascicular block
Pre-excitation syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White, Lown-Ganong-Levine) - Long QT syndrome - Adams-Stokes syndrome - Cardiac arrest - Sudden cardiac death
Arrhythmia: Paroxysmal tachycardia (Supraventricular, AV nodal reentrant, Ventricular) - Atrial flutter - Atrial fibrillation (Fami Probably a restrictive cardiomyopathy. |
